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Spillway- In Dams

A  spillway is a structure constructed at a dam site, for effectively disposing of the surplus water from upstream to downstream. Just after the reservoir gets filled up, up to the normal pool level, water starts flowing over the top of the spillway crest (which is generally kept at normal pool level). Depending upon the inflow rate, water will start rising above the normal pool level, and at the same time, it will be let off over the spillway. The water can rise over the spillway crest, upto the maximum reservoir level, which can be estimated from the inflow flood hydrograph and the spillway characteristics, by the process of flood routing. Therefore, it is only the spillway, which will dispose of the surplus water and will not let the water rise above the maximum reservoir level. Had there been no such structure, over which the water would have overflown, the water level must have exceeded maximum reservoir level, and ultimately would have crossed the free board and thus over topped the darn, causing the failure of the dam. Hence, a spillway is essentially a safety valve for a dam. It must be properly designed and must have adequate capacity to dispose of the entire surplus water at the time of the arrival of" the worst design flood.



एक स्पिलवे एक बांध स्थल पर निर्मित संरचना है, जो अपस्ट्रीम से डाउनस्ट्रीम तक अधिशेष जल का प्रभावी ढंग से निपटता है। जलाशय भर जाने के बाद, सामान्य पूल स्तर तक, पानी स्पिलवे शिखर के ऊपर से बह जाता है (जो आम तौर पर सामान्य पूल स्तर पर रखा जाता है)। इन्फ्लो दर के आधार पर, पानी सामान्य पूल स्तर से ऊपर उठना शुरू कर देगा, और साथ ही, इसे स्पिलवे पर छोड़ दिया जाएगा। बाढ़ के मार्ग की प्रक्रिया के द्वारा, पानी का प्रवाह अधिकतम शिखर पर अधिकतम जलाशय स्तर तक बढ़ सकता है, जो प्रवाह की बाढ़ के जलग्राही और स्पिलवे विशेषताओं से अनुमान लगाया जा सकता है। इसलिए, यह केवल स्पिलवे है, जो अधिशेष जल का निपटान करेगा और अधिकतम जलाशय स्तर से ऊपर पानी बढ़ने नहीं देगा। अगर ऐसी कोई संरचना नहीं थी, जिस पर पानी बह निकला होता तो पानी का स्तर अधिकतम जलाशय स्तर से अधिक हो सकता था, और अंततः फ्रीबोर्ड को पार कर दिया जाता था और इसने रफू को धराशायी कर दिया, जिससे बांध की विफलता हो। इसलिए, एक स्पिलवे बांध के लिए एक सुरक्षा वाल्व है। यह ठीक से डिजाइन किया जाना चाहिए और "सबसे खराब डिजाइन बाढ़ के आगमन के समय पूरे अधिशेष जल के निपटान की पर्याप्त क्षमता होनी चाहिए।



Depending upon the type of the structure constructed for disposing of the surplus water, the Spiliways can be of the following major types :
(1) Straight Drop Spillway
(2) Overflow Spillway generally called Ogee Spillway
(3) Chute Spillway often called Trough Spillway or Open channel Spillway
(4) Side Channel Spillway
(5) Show Spillway
(6) Syphon Spillway


Straight Drop Spillway
This is the simplest type of spillway and may be constructed on small bunds or on thin arch dams, etc. It is a low weir and simple vertical fall type structure. as shown in figure.The downstream face of the structure may be kept vertical or slightly inclined. The crest is sometimes extended in the form of an overhanging tip, which keeps small discharges away from the face of the overfall section. The water falls freely from the crest under the action of gravity. Since vacuum gets created in the underside portion of the falling jet, sufficient ventilation of the nappe is acquired in order to avoid pulsating and fluctuating effects of the jet. Sometimes, a secondary dam of low height is constructed on the down stream side to create an artificial pool of water so as to dissipate the energy of the falling water.
(यह स्पिलवे का सबसे सरल प्रकार है और छोटे बांधों पर या पतले चाप बांधों पर आदि का निर्माण किया जा सकता है। यह कम कमर और सरल ऊर्ध्वाधर गिरती प्रकार संरचना है। जैसा कि आंकड़े में दिखाया गया है। ढांचे के नीचे की ओर के चेहरे को ऊर्ध्वाधर या थोड़ा झुकाव रखा जा सकता है। शिखर को कभी-कभी एक ओवरहांगिंग टिप के रूप में विस्तारित किया जाता है, जो छोटे से डिस्पैचों को अप्रभावित अनुभाग के चेहरे से दूर रखता है। गुरुत्वाकर्षण की कार्रवाई के तहत पानी गिरता है। चूंकि गिरने वाले जेट के निचले हिस्से में वैक्यूम बन जाता है, इसलिए जेट के स्पंदन और अस्थिर प्रभाव से बचने के लिए nappe के पर्याप्त वेंटिलेशन को हासिल किया जाता है। कभी-कभी, कम ऊंचाई का एक माध्यमिक बांध पानी के एक कृत्रिम पूल को बनाने के लिए नीचे की ओर की तरफ बांधता है ताकि गिरते पानी की ऊर्जा नष्ट हो सके।)



STRAIGHT DROP SPILLWAY
STRAIGHT DROP SPILLWAY

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Type of Soil

Type of soils

Alluival soil 
It is the soil which being deposited from suspension in running water.
Transported Soil (WATER)
Physical Weathering
Found along the bank of Rivers


Lacustrine Soil
It is the soil that is deposited from the suspension in fresh still water of the lake.
Physical Weathering
Residual Soil (water)

Marine Soil
It is a soil which is deposited from the suspension in sea water.
Physical Weathering
Transported Soil (SEA WATER)

Aeoline Soil
It is the soil which is formed due to transportation by wind.
Physical Weathering
Transported Soil (WIND)

Glacial Soil
It is the soil that is being transported due to flowing ice.
Physical Weathering
Transported Soil (ICE)

Colluvial Soil
This soil is know as TALLUS SOIL. It is formed due to Weathering of the rocks by physical agencies and in which transportation is by the gravitational forces.
This is generally found in hilly area at the bottom of valleys.

Physical Weathering
Transported Soil (GRAVITATIONAL FORCE


It is uniformly graded wind blown silt that is slightly cemented due to calcium compound and montmorrilonite.

Marl Soil
It is fine graded calcium carbonate with Soil of Marine origin which is formed due to the decomposition of bone and cell mass of Aquatic life.
Chemical Weathering


Bentonite Soil
It is chemically weather volcanic ash that is generally used as lubricant in drilling.
Application is found in pile foundation.

Tuff Soil
It is finely graded slightly cemented volcanic ash which may be transported either by wind or by water. Physical weathering

Loam Soil
It is the mixture of caly,silt and sand in definite and different proportion in which organic matter may also present.
Physical weathering

Laterite Soil
 it is the soil which is formed due to leaching process leaching means washing out of silicious  (chemical) compound in hilly areas with humid atmosphere
eastern and Western Ghat
Chemical Weathering

Gumbo Soil
It is sticky highly plastic and dark in colour excessive presence of montmorrilonite.

Peat Soil
It is highly organic soil that almost entirely consists of vegetative matter in different stage of decomposition. its colour varies from black to dark brown and it posses organic odour. This soil is highly fibrous and posses high compressibility.
Chemical Weathering

Musk Soil
It is fine particle mixture of inorganic soil and black decomposed orgainic soil. It is generally found in the area having indeficient sewerage facilities or maybe overflooding of river.

Mixture of peat and musk soil is termed as CUMLOSE SOIL.





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Replace Made in China

What you think Government take a step and Complete Banned to all Chinese Imports. No it is not possible According to WTO guidelines complete ban from any country is not possible even if we have problem diplomatically, military and territorially a country” Sitharaman Said can’t do this.  

Boycott made in China is a solution No, Good solution is REPLACE MADE IN CHINA PRODUCT.   How you replace if u find same thing is available with MADE in INDIA tag IT’s GOOD but there are 60 Billion trade with china so completely all products become in INDIA is realistically not possible so go with MADE in JAPAN, TAIWAN, SOUTH KOREA, GERMANY you definitely buy product of these country to full fill your necessary  needs.  


How can all of Contribute?   The Complete incentive to replace Chinese product taken by COMPANIES and TRADERS, government or we as a citizen can’t do more in this situation, because most of the market full with Chinese product. We pressurizes the Companies and traders by rejecting  Chinese  product so they can move on other option.    

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How to Reach Roorkee from New Delhi

How to Reach Roorkee from New Delhi

Welcome to Roorkee

Roorkee is well connected to Delhi by rail and road. It is situated on National Highways 58 and 73 and is on Amritsar-Howrah main rail route.
Some trains which are convenient for travelling between Delhi and Roorkee. 
Nearest airport is located at Jollygrant, Dehradun. 
There are frequent bus services to this place from the ISBT Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminal (Kashmiri Gate) Delhi. 
The driving distance between Roorkee and New Delhi is 180 km, while the aerial distance from Roorkee to New Delhi is 150 km.By Train it is 210 Km. There is/are 17 direct train(s) from Roorkee to New Delhi.

BY ROADWAYS

Traveling from Delhi, Roorkee is located towards north approximately 180 kilometers. Take the highway NH58, and it passes through Roorkee. The city of Haridwar And Dehradun is located further on the same highway about 30 KM and 70KM respectively from Roorkee. You can take Normal buses AC buses and VOLVO buses from the ISBT Counter no 16to18. there are UTTARKHAND ROAD TRANSPORT BUSES or UTTARPARDESH ROAD TRANSPORT BUSES you can choose by your convenience and comfort level.
fare are 200/- for normal, 300/-to 350/- AC , VOLVO 500+. Fare may be changes time to time.

BY FLIGHT

No direct connectivity to flight between Roorkee and New Delhi is available. Best to take Spice jet from New Delhi to Dehradun and then take a taxi from Dehradun to Roorkee.
Dehradun to Roorkee distance is about 70km.
Nearest airport to Roorkee is Dehradun's Jolly Grant airport which has Air India, Spice Jet and Jet Airways services from New Delhi. 

The fastest way to reach New Delhi from Roorkee takes you 3h 11m, which is to take a taxi from Roorkee to Dehradun then take Spicejet from Dehradun to New Delhi. And reverse is also possible.

BY RAILWAYS

Easiest way to get to Roorkee is by train. There are several trains serving Roorkee daily from various cities around. The high speed trains Shatabdi and Jan Shatabti also stop at Roorkee on their route Delhi - Dehradun. By train, it takes less than 4 hours to reach Roorkee from Delhi, so it is the fastest and most economical way of travel.
There is/are 17 direct train(s) from Roorkee to New Delhi. These train(s) is/are Ndls Janshatabdi (12056), Dehradun Shtbdi (12018), Nanda Devi Exp (12206), Hw Bl Sup Exp (12912), Kalingautkalexp (18478) etc. The minimum time a train takes to reach New Delhi from Roorkee is 3h 30m.The cheapest way to reach New Delhi from Roorkee takes you 3h 50m, which is to take Ndls Janshatabdi from Roorkee to New Delhi.

Two Fast train are
12017/New Delhi - Dehradun Shatabdi Express Departs @ 06:45 Arrives @ 10:38 this train is fully AC min fare is 551 INR Second

12055/New Delhi - Dehradun Jan Shatabdi Express Departs @ 15:20Arrives @ 18:46 this train is Chair Car min fare is 130 INR

You know that, the first locomotive of India ran on rails in Roorkee in 1846, well before the first passenger rail that ran in Thane. For more trains go to Indian Railways website.


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Redmi 4


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